Genes Coming of Age in A Separate Peace Essay -- Separate Peace Essay

Quality's Coming of Age in A Separate Peace   â â The epic, A Separate Peace, by John Knowles, is the story about growing up of Gene Forrester. This tale is a flashback to the year 1943, when Gene is going to Devon School during his senior year and the late spring before it. Quality's childhood and inability make him sick furnished to manage circumstances that require development (Overview: A Separate Peace 2). Be that as it may, Gene is a devotee of Finny and along these lines picks up encounters that incite his improvement into adulthood. A portion of these encounters include: breaking Finny's leg, preparing for the 1944 Olympics, and slaughtering Finny. Through these three encounters Gene is compelled to develop out of his immature self and become a man.  Quality bumps an appendage of the tree he and Finny were remaining on, causing Finny to fall and break his leg. Quality's envy of Finny's flawlessness makes him have infantile sentiments of disdain and scorn. After Finny's leg was broken, Gene understood that there never was and would never have been any contention between (Knowles 51) him and Finny. Quality took a gander at himself and got aware of what a horrible, self-consumed companion he had been. Understanding there was no opposition made him dispose of most of his sentiments of envy. Disposing of these emotions caused him to grow up in light of the fact that he was done spending innumerable hours accepting an immature game was being played among Finny and him. Quality started to see a greater amount of Finny's decency and love towards all, causing him to endeavor to be progressively similar to Finny.  When Finny trains Gene for the 1944 Olympics, Gene turns out to be increasingly adult. Through Finny's training of Gene, Gene gets numerous qualities of the effectively grown-up Fi... ... period of Gene Forrester. Since Finny makes Gene grow up, we can understand that one must grow up to proceed onward throughout everyday life. In that procedure of growing up, a few people sway your life. This tale gives us how our character is essentially made by the individuals who are available in our lives; anyway we should not gauge our capacities against someone else (Overview: A Separate Peace 2). We are indicated how the effect of one individual can have an extraordinary effect. The decency in individuals is the thing that one ought to consistently detract from a relationship. This is appeared in the connection among Gene and Finny. The encounters Finny gives Gene cause him to grow up and improve as an individual as a result of them.  Sources Bryant, Hallman. A Separate Peace: the War Within. Boston: G.K. Lobby and Co, 1990. Knowles, John. A Separate Peace. New York: Macmillan, 1961.  Â

Salem Telephone Company Case Solution Essay Example for Free

Salem Telephone Company Case Solution Essay So as to improve their overall gain, Flores has recommended three choices as follows. Choice 1 is to build the cost to $1,000 every hour while decrease request by 30%; choice 2 is to diminish the cost to $600 every hour while increment request by 30%; alternative 3 is to expand income hours by up to 30% through expanding their advancement cost. Every choice will influence net gain in the accompanying manners: For alternative 1: Benefit 1 = 205 hours * $400 every hour + $1,000 every hour * (138 * 70%) hours †complete hours (205 + 138 * 70%) * variable expense $28.7 every hour †all out fixed cost 2,939= - ,994. 92 For alternative 2: Benefit 2 = 205(400) +600(138 * 130%)- (179.4 +205)*(28.7) - 212,939= - $34,331.28 For alternative 3: Benefit 3 =205(400) +800(179.4)- (205 + 179.4)*(28.7) - 212,939 = $1,548.72 Taking everything into account, for option1 and 2, both will diminish in overall gain. Alternative 1 will diminish overall gain by (- 30,383) (- 42,994.92) = $12,611.82, and choice 2 will diminish net gain by (- 30,383) (- 34,331.28) = $3,948.18. For option3, overall gain will increment to an advantage sum. In the event that the advancement cost is equivalent to or under 1548.72, this choice ought to be taken thought. Then again, if the advancement cost surpasses 1,548.72, the overall gain will transform into negative. In any case, as long as it is more productive than - $30,383, choice 3 is the ideal decision. Since choice 1 and 2 exacerbate their total compensation even and choice 3 expects them to spend almost no on advancement, there is a proposal to close SDS as opposed to keeping it. In any case, on the off chance that they close SDS, the adjustment in their total compensation will be: Display 5 They will spare expenses in support, power, etc, yet they will lose the lease benefit $8,000 if there is no other organization leases that floor. Plus, they have to re-appropriate and the redistributing cost will be 205 hours * $800 every hour = $164,000. Along these lines, as it is appeared in Exhibit 5, their additional expense of shutting SDS will be $94,356. On the off chance that they don’t lease the spot to different organizations, they will endure more misfortune than keep SDS. Therefore, they should keep SDS as opposed to shutting it. What they can improve is to utilize alternative 3, which is to build business income hours by up to 30% through putting more cash on advancement. This might be ridiculous provided that we investigate their advancement cost in March, we discover that they burned through $8,083 (expanded 15% contrasted with February) on advancement and they expanded business income hours by without a doubt, not many rates (just generally 2%). So as to control their expansion in advancement cost less than 1548.72, they have to increment just generally 20% of advancement expenses to arrive at a 30% expansion in business income hours. Expect the connection between advancement costs with business income hours is the thing that we saw in February and March (15% expansion in advancement cost gets a 2% expansion business income hours), they have to increment (30%/2%) * 15% = 225% in advancement costs, which would be 8083 * (1 + 225%) = 26,270. Under this supposition, overall gain of picking alternative 3 will end up being 1548.72 †26,270 = - 24,721.28. All things considered, choice 3 would bring them least misfortune and it is the ideal decision.

Citizen Engagement in development research Essay

Resident Engagement being developed research - Essay Example Its motivation is to contribute in important manners to explicit open approach choices in a straightforward and responsible way. (Phillips, 2002) Around the period focusing 1970s, the various governments, particularly of the Western countries, all the more significantly thought of expanding the duties of the residents and step by step expanded and spread the use of the plans in different fields principally including the social and infrastructural bodies to address all the more profoundly the quintessential parts of training and wellbeing. Residents were urged to seriously take an interest and screen in numerous little formative ventures and related battles in their individual network areas. Lack of considerable regular citizen inclusion at that period provoked numerous speculations to be created and examined at this very setting. There have been a few methodologies and point by point hypothetical examination and conversation with respect to writing of open contribution in formative undertakings of the administration. Numerous such perspectives were concentrated comprehensively and analyzed minutely to outline managerial approaches around the world of the world. One such view to comprehend the job of regular folks in achieving formative objectives was the neo-liberal market approach. The fundamental contention of the neo-liberal market approach is a consistently continued balance of the administration authority through an appropriate blend of privatization and decentralization strategies (Gaventa, 2007). In this specific system, the fundamental pundit is the regular folks are precisely.

Analysis of an Angel Island poem Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Examination of an Angel Island sonnet - Essay Example It is evident the carvings and compositions are remaining proof showing the encounters of Chinese migrants and events at Angel station in San Francisco. The sonnets found at the station are the most sensational disclosures in American writing. Today, at any rate researchers are deciphering and deciphering sonnets over the world (Lai, Lim, and Yung 12). Cut on wooden structures by Chinese settlers who never became workers in America following Exclusion Act, the sonnets uncover the strange detainment of outsiders for a considerable length of time and months on the island anticipating freedom by American migration authorities (Lai, Lim, and Yung 20). Also, these sonnets uncovered the work conditions and financial conditions in California in the twentieth century. By giving a point by point record of the situation of Chinese outsiders in San Francisco, the assortment of sonnets addressed American belief systems of boundless and equivalent open door skimmed in the twentieth century. It is obvious the sonnets uncover different subjects not restricted to movement, distance, race, and work in America. A foreigner from Heungshan composed an u nmistakable sonnet that combines the encounters and events in San Francisco to exhibit a few subjects. The sonnet was converted into English by Lai, Lim and Yung (1991) and sorted out into writing. As indicated by the sonnet, Angel Island Immigration Station was a position of torment and trouble. The Chinese migrants were looking for work openings so as to win a living in America. The Exclusion Act in late twentieth century that disallowed expanded Chinese relocation prompted sufferings and issues. Numerous outsiders remained in unhygienic and woeful conditions anticipating leeway from movement authorities, and the carvings and works exhibit the harshness and disdain among migrants. Be that as it may, numerous Chinese outsiders suffered and withstood conditions at Angel Island Immigration

What Is a Republic vs a Democracy Understanding the Difference

What Is a Republic versus a Democracy Understanding the Difference SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips On the off chance that you take a gander at the United States Pledge of Allegiance, you’ll see that it considers the United States a republic. It peruses: I vow loyalty to the banner of the United States of America, and to the republic for which it stands, one country under God, inseparable, with freedom and equity for all.† So I don't get that's meaning, precisely? Can the United States be both a vote based system and a republic? Furthermore, what is the distinction between a majority rules system and republic, at any rate? Things being what they are, there are unobtrusive, however significant, contrasts between a majority rules system and a republic, and that the definitions aren’t fundamentally unrelated. At the end of the day, it’s confounded. Be that as it may, don’t stress! Knowing the contrasts between a republic versus a vote based system is significant for huge amounts of AP tests, including both history tests (U.S. what's more, world) and both government and legislative issues tests (U.S. also, similar). That’s why we’ve set up this guide for you. Before the finish of this article, you’ll know the meanings of a majority rules system and a republic, how they work, the contrasts among them, and where the United States fits into the conversation. So let’s begin! What Is a Democracy? The term â€Å"democracy† originates from the mix of two Greek words: â€Å"demos,† meaning â€Å"the people,† and â€Å"kratia,† which implies â€Å"power or authority.† Thus, a popular government alludes to a sort of government where the ability to administer rests with a country’s people instead of a decision family (a government) or a solitary individual (tyranny). That implies that residents control how their administration works, typically through democratic. The Origins of Democracy The term â€Å"democracy† first springs up in the fifth century BCE to allude to the legislature in Athens, Greece. Between 508 BCE and 322 BCE, Athenians represented themselves in what is presently alluded to as an unadulterated majority rule government. (Don’t worry...we’ll go into that somewhat later.) Antiquated Athenians didn’t have anybody to speak to them in government; rather, everybody had a voice-actually. Discussions on subjects of administration were held openly in what was alluded to as The Athenian Assembly, and each male Athenian resident had singular democratic rights. That, however qualified residents were given downtime of work and an allowance to help ensure each voice was heard! Through the Assembly, every voice could say something regarding each issue, and all laws and rules of administration were set up dependent on greater part rule. While this kind of popular government would in the end be supplanted by a progressively delegate type of government, the fundamental thought that administration works best when it's controlled by its residents would proceed to impact the administration of the majority of the Western world, including the United States. The 3 Major Types of Democracies With developing populaces and increasingly complex frameworks of government, the Athenian technique for one voice, one vote doesn’t consistently work. So as the world has changed, majority rule government has changed with it. Here are the three significant kinds of popular governments found on the planet today. Direct Democracy Otherwise called unadulterated popular government, direct majority rules system is vote based system in its most fundamental structure. Much the same as the Athenians at the Assembly, direct vote based system lets each certified individual shape strategy by making an immediate choice. As such, residents are legitimately engaged with the political procedure! In this framework, political choices are made dependent on what most of voters choose. Each certified individual makes a choice, and the class with the most number of votes wins. The advantages to an immediate majority rule government are that it lets every individual, paying little heed to class, race, or monetary position have a voice. Be that as it may, by and by, direct majority rule governments frequently avoid certain gatherings. For example, in old Athens, just male residents reserved the privilege to take an interest in direct majority rules system. Ladies, lawbreakers, and slaves-despite the fact that they were liable to Athens’ laws and strategies were denied a voice. Moreover, direct majority rule government doesn’t consistently function admirably for an enormous scope. That’s on the grounds that there are a staggering number of choices that should be made to keep governments running. Instances of Direct Democracy in real life Since direct majority rule government can be clumsy on the national level, there are not many nations that utilization it as an essential administrative framework. In any case, that doesn’t mean direct vote based system doesn’t exist any longer! Here are a few instances of where you can see direct majority rules system in real life. Switzerland: Switzerland, a nation of generally 8.2 million individuals, utilizes direct majority rule government to run its nearby, local, and central governments. Each resident beyond 18 years old says something regarding how the nation ought to be run, and in light of the fact that votes are so significant, they are held four times each year and booked a long time ahead of time. Likewise, as an immediate majority rules system Switzerland comes up short on a chosen Head of State. Rather, the nation has a Federal Council which is chosen by the Federal Assembly (which works like the Athenian Assembly) at regular intervals. Every year, a renewed individual from the Federal Council is chosen for fill in as president! Neighborhood Elections in the U.S.: Because the populaces are a lot littler, nearby, metropolitan, and province decisions regularly depend on direct majority rules system to ensure government is serving the desire of the individuals. Nearby laws and submissions are frequently set up for a dominant part vote where each vote tallies. State Elections in the U.S.: Fourteen states permit residents to structure enactment and put it up for a vote through what are called polling form activities. Each state lets an individual resident make a polling form activity, and on the off chance that it gets enough marks by means of appeal, it gets put on a statewide voting form where it passes by larger part vote. The catch? So as to go on the polling form, every activity must be managed protected by the state courts, as well! Delegate Democracy The second kind of vote based system is an agent majority rules system (here and there called circuitous popular government). In this arrangement of government, certain people are chosen to speak to the desire of the individuals. These individuals, frequently alluded to as chose authorities, are picked to decide for the benefit of a particular gathering of residents. These gatherings can be characterized from various perspectives. Now and then individuals are assembled by neighborhood, by city, by district, or even by area or state. The thought behind a delegate majority rules system is to smooth out the procedure of government. Since races where everybody says something are strategically troublesome, having few individuals speaking to the wants of the dominant part take into consideration a lot quicker dynamic. This is particularly significant when governments are speaking to an enormous number of individuals, and it’s one reason why numerous governments utilize aberrant majority rule government to work. In any case, delegate majority rules system accompanies disadvantages, as well. Probably the most concerning issue is that much of the time, agents aren’t required (by law, constitution, and so on.) to really speak to the desire of their constituents. They’re ready to settle on their own choices, which can imply that chosen authorities are progressively inclined to defilement. Furthermore, there’s the issue of the vocal minority. Have you at any point heard the term, â€Å"the noisy wheel gets the grease†? It just implies that the individuals who whine the most intense are frequently the ones who get the most consideration. So some of the time a couple of individuals who gripe uproariously are confused with speaking to most of their locale. Instances of Representational Democracy in real life Since authentic majority rule government works best for a bigger scope, most Western governments work thusly (if the nation is popularity based, obviously). Here are a couple of instances of illustrative majority rules system in real life. The U.S. Assembly: The U.S. Assembly is a bureaucratic illustrative government, implying that the delegates who serve make laws that apply to the whole of the United States. The authoritative branch is part into two houses: the Senate and the House of Representatives. In the Senate, each state chooses two individuals to speak to their inclinations on the national level. In the House of Representatives, the quantity of delegates from each state is controlled by populace, so greater states have more agents. In the two cases, all the agents are chosen by dominant part vote in their separate states. (Note: this is not the same as other delegate vote based systems, similar to the United Kingdom parliament, where one house is chosen and the other house is named by the Prime Minister or President.) U.S. State Legislatures: U.S. state assemblies work precisely like the government lawmaking body, just for a littler scope. Each state has both a senate and a place of agents, and the state’s inhabitants choose delegates dependent on the areas they live in. This permits each state’s occupants to have a state in how their state is represented. The Canadian Government: Like the United States, Canada holds well known races where a bunch of agents are picked to speak to the populace at both the commonplace and the national level. The chosen authorities serve in The House of Commons, which is like Congress in the United States. Each of Canada’s 10 territories are likewise agent popular governments where chosen authorities speak to the desire of their province’s residents. Protected Democracy A protected vote based system is the third significant kind of vote based system in activity today. Established vote based systems are described by having structures set up that limit the intensity of the lion's share. Put another way, sacred majority rules systems have constitutions or other administering reports that help control the intensity of those chosen to office. To do this,

Not a Real Entry

Not a Real Entry Last night, I was lying on my mattress somewhere near the precarious edge of the top bunk and feeling mildly superhero-esque in a thrill-seeking, daredevilish, almost-falling-out-of-bed sort of way. I remember vaguely attempting to fall asleep, having heard stories of people doing this at times as early as 2 AM (!). And then I woke up and it was 7:13 AM on Tuesday and I rolled out of bed and ran 3 miles and ate breakfast and walked to class and realized that electric fields sort of actually exist and dropped a class (Harmony and Counterpoint I) and added another class (Harmony and Counterpoint II) and signed up for an X-tra Special musicianship audition because I missed the actual auditions and trudged to the other side of campus and bought overpriced staff paper and suffered the pains of getting owned by the college bookstores price system and then snagged two free coupon books at the MIT bookstore instead of one to mitigate the obscene expensiveness of staff paper* and made a pear salad and harmonized a Bach chorale and plowed through linear algebra homework during a differential equations recitation and pontificated about furnaces with Edward 12 for 30 minutes and went to a lab meeting and started an e m problem set that had a lot of e and no m and ate Thai food at an advising group reunion and signed up to see Spring Awakening with my advising group in May and almost went square dancing with Donald Guy 12 who was carrying about 6 cans of soda in his coat pockets and instead stumbled home at 7:30 PM and finished reconstructing deconstructed fragments of Bach and checked mail** and switched differential recitation sections via MITs uber-convenient online course management system and then realized that I had harmonized the Bach chorale in the wrong key. *This is only acceptable if youre not an economics major. **Someone just regaled the dorm mailing list with an email querying, “Anyone have cool sunglasses I can borrow in the next 15 minutes?” Real blog entry coming soon to a theater near you. Or theatre, if youre on the wrong side of the Atlantic. In the meantime, I leave you with a taste of pictures to come: Bonus Challenge: Last week, Rebecca 12 concocted this resplendent magnum opus of cakery for a dorm potluck. Name the recipe, and Rebecca 12 will personally bake you a cake at CPW* after she kills me for promising this without her permission. *Should the winner be unable to come to CPW, an alternative prize will be arranged. Cryptic Hint With Bad Wordplay: The frosting does not mix with apples, nor is it the color that it appears to be.

College essay topics to write about Leadership Theories - Free Essay Example

INTRODUCTION This research presents an analysis of the proponents and criticisms of the main leadership theories. According to Storey (2004), the study of leadership in organisations has evolved through the years with changing theories of leadership and leadership development. Storey (2004) identifies the main theories as trait theory, behavioural theories, situational and contingency theories, exchange and path-goal models, new leadership (charismatic and transformational theories), constructivist theory, leadership with learning and post-charismatic and post-transformational theories. A summary of these theories is shown in table 1 (Appendix 1). The research is structured as follows: section one presents theories focusing on leader characteristics or traits including great man theory and trait theory; section two presents theories based on leader behaviour and situational models and section three presents the new leadership theories including transformational and transactional theories. Great man theories According to Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991), great man leadership theories were popular in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Judge, Piccolo and Kosalka (2009: 855) state that the great man theory is attributed to Thomas Carlyle who proclaimed that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“For, as I take it, Universal History, the history of what man has accomplished in this world, is at bottom the History of the Great Men who have worked here. According to Eckmann (2005: 4), Carlyles argument was that heroes shape history through à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the vision of their intellect, the beauty of their art, the prowess of their leadership and, most important, their divine inspiration. Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) state that great man theories were based on the assumption that leadership qualities were inherited, particularly by upper class men. In other words, these theories asserted that great men were born, not made (Hoffman et al., 2011). Vroom and Jago (2007) refer to heroic concepts of leadership which they ar gue emerged with the great man theory of history whereby major historical events were assumed to be the work of great men with vision and genius. Hoffman et al (2011: 349) argue that great man theories fell out of favour à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“amid questions as to the evidentiary basis underlying disposition-leadership associations. Judge, Piccolo and Kosalka (2009) state that reviewers have labelled the approach as too simplistic, futile, dangerous and a product of self-delusion. Lieberson and OConnor (1972: 117) also criticise great man theories for failing to consider a leaders limits and state that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the evidence indicates that the influence of single individuals is seldom as decisive as the great-man theory would lead one to believe. Trait theories Great man theories evolved into trait theories in the early 20th century (Judge et al., 2002; Kirkpatrick and Locke, 1991). Proponents of these theories argue that leaders possess traits or characteristics that make them different from other people and give them leadership advantage. This assumption that leadership depends on the qualities of the leader makes trait theories seem similar to great man theories but trait theories differ because they do not assume that leadership is limited to a few heroic men (Judge et al, 2002). Researchers however, have failed to agree on what traits are universal and trait theories suffer from a lack of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a structure in describing personality leading to a wide range of traits being investigated under different labels (Judge et al, 2002: 766). For instance, Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) argue that the six traits that distinguish leaders from non-leaders include drive, desire to lead, honesty/integrity, self-confidence, cognitive ability and business knowledge. On the other hand, House and Aditya (1997) propose four factors including achievement motivation, prosocial influence motivation, adjustment and self-confident. Mann (1959) includes masculinity, dominance, adjustment, conservatism and extroversion in his list of traits. It is clear, as shown in figure 1 below, that different researchers have proposed different traits and there is no consistency in trait theories. Figure 1: Past qualitative reviews of the traits of effective leaders ( Judge et al, 2002: 766) Kirkpatrick and Locke (1991) state that no traits are universally associated with effective leadership and argue that situational factors are also influential. These researchers state that traits only provide the potential for leadership and additional factors including skills, vision and implanting the vision are necessary for effective leadership. Other researchers have also argued that trait theories have failed to consider situational nature of leadership (Zaccaro, 2007; Vroom and Jago, 2007). These researchers have argued that situational variables impact on leader behaviour, effectiveness and consequences. Behavioural theories According to Derue et al (2011) criticism of leader-trait paradigm has led to the development of behavioural theories of leadership which assume that leadership capability is not inherent, but can be learned. Storey (2004) states that important behavioural studies include Ohio State University, which is credited with developing the Leaders Behaviour Description Questionnaire, University of Michigan (Katz and Khan, 1978; Likert, 1961) and Blake and Mouton (1964). Behavioural theories as advocated by these researchers identified four styles of leadership behaviour: concern for tasks (production or output), concern for people, directive leadership and participative leadership. Blake and Mouton (1964) developed the Managerial Grid which identifies five theories of managerial behaviour which are based on two variables, concern for production and concern for people. The combination of these variables results in different styles of management as shown in figure 2 below. Each style is expr essed on a scale ranging from 1-9, with 1 representing minimal concern and 9 representing maximal concern. Blake and Mouton (1964) argue that it is possible for managers to learn in a classroom and revise their practices and procedures thereby moving towards an ideal 9, 9 (team management) organisational environment. Figure 2: Management Grid (source: https://cisvu.net/mod/page/view.php?id=1109) Bryman (2013) has criticised the Management Grid for its emphasis on one best way of managing organisations. This researcher also claims that empirical studies have produced mixed results on the effectiveness of the Grid and argues that there is need to have information on other variables such as management and organisation change programs before definitive conclusions can be made on the effectiveness of the model. Another criticism of behavioural theories is that they do not offer guidance on what constitutes effective leadership in different situations (Bolden, Gosling, Marturano and Dennison, 2003). Kilmann and Thomas (1977) have also criticised the validity and reliability of instruments used in behavioural theories and Vroom and Jago (2007: 19) also state that behavioural models advocated by the Ohio State University and the University of Michigan have never produced à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a solid body of scientific evidence sufficient to guide practice. Additionally, these researchers also state that these theories neglected the significance of situational variables and their impacts on leadership behaviour. Contingency (situational) theories According to Gill (2011) contingency theories suggest there is no one best way of leadership because successful leaders use different styles depending on the nature of the situation and the followers. This means that effective leaders are flexible and have the cognitive ability to adopt a different leadership style for a given situation. Storey (2004) states that proponents of cognitive theories include Fiedler (1967), Vroom and Yetton (1973), Yukl (2002) and Hershey and Blanchard (1984). Other behavioural leadership theories include path-goal theory, leadership substitutes theory and normative contingency theory (McClesky, 2014). Fiedlers (1967) two factor model divides leaders into relationship motivated and task motivated groups and suggests that leaders should be placed in the situation which is favourable to their style. Hershey and Blanchard (1984) present four leadership styles including directive, consultative, participating and delegating which are related to the readiness (maturity) of followers, for instance, leaders will adopt a directive style in a situation where followers lack readiness or the ability and confidence to perform a task. As the employees gain ability and become more confident, the leader will adopt a participating and delegating style. In other words, the level of follower maturity (job and psychological) determines the correct style of leadership. Figure 3 below shows the situational leadership model. Figure 3: Situational leadership model (Blanchard, Zigarmi and Nelson, 1993: 26) Gill (2011) claims that contingency theories like Fiedlers (1967) model and path-goal theory which develops Fielders contingency theory have been criticised for inconsistent results and measuring problems. McClesky (2014) similarly states that situational leadership theory (Hershey and Blanchard, 1984) has flaws related to consistency, continuity and conformity. McClesky (2014) also states that research shows that there is no style of leadersh ip that is universally effective and leadership types were abstract and hard to identify. Lorsch (2010) argues that contingency theories are focused on leaderships in primary groups and ignore leadership in larger organisations. Lorsch (2010) also states that contingency theories assume that one type of leadership can fit all situations and this is not plausible, for instance, the leader of an army platoon would have different leadership challenges than a sales manager or a CEO or even a senior partner in a law firm. New leadership theories: transactional and transformational theories According to Storey (2004), the 1980s saw the development of new leadership theories promoting the concept of transformation, visionary, charismatic and inspirational leadership. Bass (1985, 1991) presents a model of transformation and transaction leadership which has three dimensions of transactional leadership, namely, contingent reward, management by exception (active) and management by exception passive) and four dimensions for transformation leadership, namely, charisma , inspiration, intellectual stimulation and individualised consideration. The characteristics of transformational and transactional leaders are shown in figure 4 below. Figure 4: Characteristics of transformational and transactional leaders (Bass, 1991: 22) Bass (1999: 10) defines transactional leadership as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the exchange relationship between leader and follower to meet their own self interests. Kunhert and Lewis (1987) state that this simply means that transactional leaders give fol lowers something they want in return for leaders getting what they want. Bass (1999) states that this exchange may take the form of the leader clarifying through direction or participation what the follower needs to do in order to be rewarded for the effort (contingency reward) or taking an active or passive role in monitoring and correcting follower performance. Proponents of transformational theory including Bass (1985, 1991) and Avolio and Bass (1995) define transformational leadership in terms of the leaders effects on followers and argue that transformative leaders have exceptional influence over followers whose feelings of trust, admiration, trust and loyalty towards the leader motivates them to make self-sacrifices, commit to difficult objectives and achieve much more than is expected of them. Bass (1991) states that transformative leaders are able to achieve these results through behaviours including individualised consideration, intellectual stimulation, charisma and ins pirational motivation. Shamir, House and Arthur (1993) refer to transformation theories as charismatic theories and argue that they emphasise different leader behaviour than that emphasised by earlier theories of organisational leadership. These researchers state that while earlier theories focused on leader/follower exchange relationships, providing direction, support and reinforcement behaviours, charismatic theories emphasise symbolic leader behaviour, visionary and inspirational messages, non verbal communication and appeal to ideological values. Transactional leadership differs from transformational leadership in the leader/ follower exchange relationship, with transformational leadership inspiring followers to move beyond self interests to collective interests and to do more than was originally expected (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 1997). Bass (1999) argues that transformational leadership builds on from transactional leadership and states that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“changes in th e marketplace and workforce over the two decades have resulted in the need for leaders to become more transformational and less transactional if they were to remain effective (Bass, 1999: 9). Kunhert and Lewis (1987) state that Basss (1985) model of transactional and transformation leadership is based on the model developed by Burns (1978) and argue that this model lacks an explanation of the internal processes which lead to the development of the actions of transformational and transactional leaders, in other words, neither Burns (1978) or Bass (1985) has à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“provided a framework for understanding the motivational states or personality differences that give rise to these two types of leadership (Kunhert and Lewis, 1987: 648). This is a weakness that has been identified by other researchers including Shamir, House and Arthur (1993) and Yukl (1999). Shamir, House and Arthur (1993) state that existing motivational theories such as exchange theories, reinforcement theori es and cognitive theories cannot be used to explain the claims that a variety of behaviours can transform follower behaviour from self-interests to collective interests. Yukl (1999) also states that weaknesses of transformational leadership theory includes ambiguous constructs, narrow focus on dyadic processes, omission of some relevant behaviours, insufficient specification of limiting conditions and a bias towards heroic conceptions of leadership. Rafferty and Griffin (2004) also argue that despite the popularity of transformational theories, there are concerns regarding the definition of the sub-dimensions of the model and these concerns have resulted in empirical research providing mixed support for the differentiation of the components of the model. Researchers have also highlighted problems with the operationalisation of the concepts of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) which has been developed to measure transformational leadership (Hartog, Muijen and Koopman, 19 97). CONCLUSION A review of leadership theories shows a progression from great man and trait theories to new leadership theories including transformation and transaction theories. Research shows that each of these theories has its strengths and weaknesses and there is no ideal leadership theory. REFERENCES Avolio, B. and Bass, B. (1995). Individual consideration viewed at multiple levels of analysis: A multi-level framework for examining the diffusion of transformational leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), pp.199-218. Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. Bass, B. (1991). From transactional to transformational leadership: Learning to share the vision. Organizational Dynamics, 18(3), pp.19-31 Bass, B. (1999). Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(1), pp.9-32. Blake, R. and Mouton, J. (1964). The managerial grid: key orientations for achieving production through people. Houston, Tex.: Gulf Pub. Co. Blanchard, K., Zigarmi, D. and Nelson, R. (1993). Situational Leadership(R) After 25 Years: A Retrospective. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 1(1), pp.21-36. Bolden, R., Gosling, J., Marturano, A., Dennison, P. ( 2003, June). A review of leadership theory and competency frameworks. Centre for Leadership Studies, University of Exeter. https://www2.fcsh.unl.pt/docentes/luisrodrigues/textos/Lideran%C3%A7a.pdf Bryman, A. (2013). Leadership and organizations. London: Routledge. Burns, J. (1978). Leadership. New York: Harper Row. Derue, D., Nahrgang, J., Wellman, N. and Humphrey, S. (2011). Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: an integration and meta-analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), pp.7-52 Eckmann, H. (2005). Great Man Theory: A personal account of attraction. [online] www.jameslconsulting.com. Available at: https://www.jameslconsulting.com/documents/GreatManTheory.pdf Fiedler, F. (1967). A theory of leadership effectiveness. New York: McGraw-Hill. Gill, R. (2011). Theory and practice of leadership. London: SAGE. Hersey, P. and Blanchard,, K. (1984). The situational leader. Center for Leadership Studies.House, R. and Aditya, R. ( 1997). The Social Scientific Study of Leadership: Quo Vadis?. Journal of Management, 23(3), pp.409-473. Hartog, D., Muijen, J. and Koopman, P. (1997). Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70(1), pp.19-34. Hoffman, B., Woehr, D., Maldagen-Youngjohn, R. and Lyons, B. (2011). Great man or great myth? A quantitative review of the relationship between individual differences and leader effectiveness. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), pp.347-381. Judge, T., Bono, J., Ilies, R. and Gerhardt, M. (2002). Personality and leadership: A qualitative and quantitative review. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), pp.765-780. Judge, T., Piccolo, R. and Kosalka, T. (2009). The bright and dark sides of leader traits: A review and theoretical extension of the leader trait paradigm. The Leadership Quarterly, 20(6), pp.855-875. Katz, D. and Kahn, R. (1978). The social psy chology of organizations. New York: Wiley. Kirkpatrick, S. and Locke, E. (1991). Leadership: do traits matter?. Executive, 5(2), pp.48-60. Kilmann, R. and Thomas, K. (1977). Developing a Forced-Choice Measure of Conflict-Handling Behavior: The Mode Instrument. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 37(2), pp.309-325. Kuhnert, K. and Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/Developmental Analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12(4), pp.648-657. Lieberson, S. and OConnor, J. (1972). Leadership and Organizational Performance: A Study of Large Corporations. American Sociological Review, 37(2), p.117. Likert, R. (1961). New patterns of management. New York: McGraw-Hill. Lorsch, J. W. (2010). A contingency theory of leadership. In N. Nohria, R. Khurana (Eds.), Handbook of leadership theory and practice (pp. 411-432). Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press Mann, R. (1959). A review of the relationships between personality and pe rformance in small groups. Psychological Bulletin, 56(4), pp.241-270. McCleskey, J. (2014). Emotional intelligence and leadership. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 22(1), pp.76-93. Rafferty, A. and Griffin, M. (2004). Dimensions of transformational leadership: Conceptual and empirical extensions. The Leadership Quarterly, 15(3), pp.329-354. Shamir, B., House, R. and Arthur, M. (1993). The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership: A Self-Concept Based Theory. Organization Science, 4(4), pp.577-594. Storey, J. (2004). Leadership in organizations. London: Routledge. Vroom, V. and Jago, A. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), pp.17-24. Vroom, V. and Yetton, P. (1973). Leadership and decision-making. [Pittsburgh]: University of Pittsburgh Press. Yukl, G. (1999). An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories. The Leadership Quarterly, 10(2), pp.285-305. Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in organizations. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Zaccaro, S. (2007). Trait-based perspectives of leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), pp.6-16. APPENDIX 1 Table 1 : Summary of main leadership theories (Storey, 2004)

The Declaration Of Independence By Great Britain - 882 Words

Introduction The Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and Jefferson’s Letter to the Danbury Baptists are three significant documents that played a major role in the founding of our nation. The documents are important on their own as they cut ties with a large country, establish a new country, and enforce the rights of its citizens. However, they are just important as a set as they show the growth and strength of a nation in its infancy. The Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence, which was the first of the three documents to be written, is confrontational and aggressive in nature. The Declaration justified the colonists impending acts of rebellion, which would be considered high treason by Great Britain. After generally justifying their position, the writers of the Declaration further supported their actions by including a length list of the King’s specific acts of tyranny. The authors and signers of the Declaration of Independence close the document by recounting their multiple attempts to no avail to resolve issues with the crown, and therefore, the colonists have no choice but to separate from Great Britain and become an independent nation. The writers of the Declaration of Independence were bold and brave in their confrontation of the King’s tyrannical behavior. Their submission of this document was the first step on the path to freedom and the formation of a government that served and helped their people. The United StatesShow MoreRelatedThe Declaration Of Independence From Great Britain1105 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1776, the United States continental congress ratified the Declaration of Independence from Great Britain. 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The purpose of it was to declare the 13 colonies in America free and independent from Great Britain, getRead MoreThe s Belief That All Men1295 Words   |  6 Pagescommitted a great sin when they asked for a King. In On African Slavery Paine cites the many actions, such as â€Å"polygamy and divorces† (2) that are â€Å"utterly unlawful to us† (2). 2. Find examples of wording and phrasing that are similar to these two works by Paine in the Declaration. Make specific references using direct quotations. The use of the word â€Å"common† may be found throughout the two works by Paine as well as the Declaration. For example, the Declaration of Independence uses â€Å"common†Read MoreCompare And Contrast Patrick Henry And Thomas Jefferson1220 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast Essay 20 October 2017 The Demand for Independence vs Death The revolutionary period was the age of reason. It was the period in time when civilians wanted to take control of their unalienable rights; â€Å"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness† (Jefferson). Both Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson took part in the revolutionary period. They were both leaders that took action to receive independence from Great Britain. The two revolutionary leaders are remarkably comparable andRead MoreCommon Sense Vs. Declaration Of Independence957 Words   |  4 PagesCommon Sense v. Declaration of Independence Common Sense written by Thomas Paine in January of 1776, enlightened its readers and ignited the colonists towards the American Revolution. Common Sense was the first document that established a suggestion towards a constitutional form of government. The foundation of the main points in Common Sense were the upbringing of the Declaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independence was written by Thomas Jefferson in July of 1776 approximately 7 monthsRead MoreSimilarities Between The Declaration Of Independence And The Declaration Of Independence948 Words   |  4 Pagespieces for our society. In this group, the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson and Common Sense by Thomas Paine both hold high positions. Thomas Paine wrote â€Å"The Crisis†, which was a chapter in his pamphlet Common Sense, which advocated that the thirteen original colonies gain independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence was a government document written in 1776 that p roclaims America a state of democracy not connected to Britain. Although they share a general topic, bothRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence Rhetorical Analysis800 Words   |  4 Pages the father of our Declaration of Independence, had the same mentality as him in seeking for freedom. Jefferson decided to write this document as a way of declaring the independence of the United States from Britain. In the document, he states all the harm that Britain has done to the colonists: socially, mentally, and economically. Jefferson just like the colonist wanted peace in their lives, and freedom from the tyranny of King George III. In the Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson usesRead MoreThe Declaration Of Independence And Independence1501 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence The Declaration of Independence is one of the most important document in U.S history that helped led to this country s independence from Great Britain. The Declaration of Independence helped us earn our freedom to become an independent nation with our own rules. However, without Thomas Jefferson and the rest of their concerns and reasons for separating this wouldn t have been possible. The writing alone wouldn’t have made this document memorable.The use of rhetoricalRead MoreEssay on The Success of the Declaration of Indepedence656 Words   |  3 Pages On July 4th every year, Americans all across the world celebrate Independence Day, the day the United States declared their independence from Great Britain. The mechanism they used on July 4, 1776 was â€Å"The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States† written by Thomas Jefferson. The Declaration Of Independence was a success by using various types of support, ethos (ethic), pathos (emotion) and logos (logic). The first paragraph lays the logic (logos) behind people separating from theirRead MoreArgumentative Essay On The Declaration Of Independence1624 Words   |  7 PagesThe Declaration of Independence was an important document in American history but it does not mean that it gained us our true freedom. It was a document that was written and signed on July 4th, 1776. The men that signed such as George Washington and Thomas Jefferson told the colonists that this was a sign of them splitting from Great Britain and becoming an independent nation thus being called the United States of America. The document was then sent over to Great Britain for King George to read.

Cognitive Load Theory The Basic Understanding Of...

Introduction Information professionals serve individuals as well as communities. Since everyone has their own learning style it is imperative that professionals have a basic understanding of learning principles and theories and understand how they can design instructional programs based on these theories. By having an understanding of learning principles and by having the ability to design programs, information professionals can tailor their actions to better suit their users’ needs. Cognitive load theory A significant theory to consider when teaching a user or student is cognitive load theory. Cognitive load theory suggests that learning happens best when it is aligned to an individual’s cognitive ability or working memory. Our working memory can only handle a small amount of information or a limited time, by creating schemes we can transfer information from our working memory to our long term memory which can store a lot of information for an indefinite amount of time. There are times when cognitive load is too much for one person, this can happen if too much information is presented or the subject is too complex for the learner. An overabundance of cognitive load can be detrimental to a learner as it does not transfer information to long term memory and can discourage the learner. Every individual has a different cognitive load which means that some people may be able to learn and retain more information than others and vice versa. Active learning Active learningShow MoreRelatedEmerging Theories Of Adult Learning Essay1369 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Emerging theories of adult learning are based on unique characteristics of adults as learners† (Knowles, 1970, section 1, para 1). As the theoretical framework for my research, adult learning theory incorporates the basic concepts of behavioral change and experience in learning. The theory of adult learning is divided into two categories: how an adult processes knowledge in turn producing change for them, and how an adult processes knowledge to become a change agent in an organization. MerriamRead MoreThe Theoretical Framework For My Research Is Adult Learning Theory Essay1607 Words   |  7 PagesTheoretical Framework The theoretical framework for my research is adult learning theory incorporates the basic concepts of behavioral change and experience in learning. â€Å"Emerging theories of adult learning are based on the unique characteristics of adults as learners† (Knowles, 1970, section 1, para 1). There are two categories with respect to the theory of adult learning: how an adult processes knowledge, which in turn produces change for the individual, and how an adult processes knowledge toRead MoreThe Theories Of The Behavioral Learning Theory947 Words   |  4 Pagesuse of the behavioral learning theory? The Interactive Body module makes use of the Behavioral Learning Theory. If the person taking the module does not have previous knowledge of anatomy, he or she will get through the module guided by the hints and clues and mostly guessing. The designer forces the learner to follow those steps. In the end. Taking the module reminded me of Skinner. B.F. Skinner, throughout his life, advocated an approach to the study of psychology and learning that is focused on behavior(ReiserRead MoreConstructivism : A Cognitive Learning Theory1151 Words   |  5 Pages Constructivism: A Cognitive Learning Theory Erica Johnson Lourdes University â€Æ' Constructivism: A Cognitive Learning Theory According to Kivunja (2014), â€Å"a learning paradigm is a conceptual model that represents understanding of relationships involved in the learning process† (p.82). Cognitive learning theories were developed from the work of Gestalt psychologists during the early 1900’s (Billings Halstead, 2012). According to Billings Halstead (2012), â€Å"Gestalt psychologists believe peopleRead MoreLearning Theory1759 Words   |  8 PagesLearning theory (education) From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008) This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. More details may be available on the talkRead MoreDevelopment And Development Of Pbl Development9777 Words   |  40 Pagesprocess c. Provide a theoretical understanding to analyse the data emerged from the participants in the qualitative research stage. This chapter consists of 6 sections: introduction to the chapter, PBL review, self-regulated learning review, self-assessment review, theoretical framework and summary of the chapter. The first section gives an overview of the chapter, including its objectives and contents. The PBL section reviews the objectives of PBL and the theories related to the PBL concept, suchRead MoreConstructivist Theory8093 Words   |  33 PagesConstructivist theory Formalization of the theory of constructivism is generally attributed to Jean Piaget, who articulated mechanisms by which knowledge is internalized by learners. He suggested that through processes of accommodation and assimilation, individuals construct new knowledge from their experiences. When individuals assimilate, they incorporate the new experience into an already existing framework without changing that framework. This may occur when individuals experiences are alignedRead MoreJournal Article - Adult Education Theory2465 Words   |  10 PagesJournal Article A Paper in Partial Fulfillment of ED 7311 Theory and Methods of Educating Adults September 17, 2010 Introduction As companies continue to try to come up with a plan for remaining profitable, some are overlooking one of their best opportunities due to their short sightedness and obsession for short term gain. It is the very asset which most firms claim is their most important and the one which provides them their competitive advantage. It is also, in some companiesRead MoreAbstrak Sa Pananaliksik4187 Words   |  17 PagesA  learning theory  is an attempt to describe how people and animals learn, thereby helping us understand the inherently complex process of learning.  Learning theories  have two chief values according to Hill (2002). One is in providing us with vocabulary and a conceptual framework for interpreting the examples of learning that we observe. The other is in suggesting where to look for solutions to practical problems. The theories do not give us solutions, but they do direct our attention to those variablesRead MoreSigmund Freud s Theory Of Psychology2134 Words à ‚  |  9 Pagesbehavior. If a child doesn’t effectively complete a stage, Freud suggested that he or she would develop a fascination that would then later on effect adult personality and behavior. Erik erikson Erik Erikson’s theory was greatly influenced by Sigmund freuds theory, following Sigmund freuds theory to do with the structure of personalities, but freud was an id psychologist, erk erikson was an ego psychologist. erikson highlighted the part of culture and society and also the battles that happen with the

Profile of the Scandinavian Explorer Erik the Red

Erik Thorvaldson (also spelled Eric or Eirik Torvaldsson; in Norwegian, Eirik Raude). As the son of Thorvald, he was known as Erik Thorvaldson until he was dubbed the Red for his red hair. Notable Accomplishment Founding the first European settlement on Greenland. Occupations LeaderExplorer Places of Residence and Influence Scandinavia Important Dates Born: c. 950 Died: 1003 Biography Much of what scholars understand about Eriks life comes from Eirik the Reds Saga, an epic tale written by an unknown author in the mid-13th century.   Erik was born in Norway to a man named Thorvald and his wife and was thus known as Erik Thorvaldsson. He was given the name Erik the Red because of his red hair; although later sources attribute the moniker to his fiery temper, there is no clear evidence of this. When Erik was still a child, his father was convicted of manslaughter and exiled from Norway. Thorvald went to Iceland and took Erik with him. Thorvald and his son lived in western Iceland. Not long after Thorvald died, Erik married a woman named Thjodhild, whose father, Jorund, may have provided the land that Erik and his bride settled on in Haukadale (Hawkdale). It was while he was living at this homestead, which Erik named Eriksstadr (Eriks farm), that his thralls (servants) caused a landslide that damaged the farm belonging to his neighbor Valthjof. A kinsman of Valthjof, Eyjolf the Foul, killed the thralls. In retaliation, Erik killed Eyjolf and at least one other man. Rather than escalate a blood feud, Eyjolfs family instituted legal proceedings against Erik for these killings. Erik was found guilty of manslaughter and banished from Hawkdale. He then took up residence further north (according to Eiriks Saga, He occupied then Brokey and Eyxney, and dwelt at Tradir, in Sudrey, the first winter.)   While building a new homestead, Erik lent what were apparently valuable pillars for seat-stocks to his neighbor, Thorgest. When he was ready to claim their return, Thorgest refused to give them up. Erik took possession of the pillars himself, and Thorgest gave chase; fighting ensued, and several men were killed, including two sons of Thorgest. Once again legal proceedings took place, and once again Erik was banished from his home for manslaughter. Frustrated with these legal wranglings, Erik turned his eyes westward. The edges of what turned out to be an enormous island were visible from the mountaintops of western Iceland, and the Norwegian Gunnbjà ¶rn Ulfsson had sailed near the island some years earlier, though if hed made landfall its not recorded. There was no doubt that there was some kind of land there, and Erik determined to explore it himself and determine whether or not it could be settled. He set sail with his household and some livestock in 982. The direct approach to the island was unsuccessful, due to drift ice, so Eriks party continued on around the southern tip until they came to present-day Julianehab. According to Eiriks Saga, the expedition spent three years on the island; Erik roved far and wide and named all the places he came to. They didnt encounter any other people. They then went back to Iceland to convince others to return to the land and establish a settlement. Erik called the place Greenland because, he said, men will desire much the more to go there if the land has a good name. Erik succeeded in convincing many colonists to join him on a second expedition. 25 ships set sail, but only 14 ships and about 350 people landed safely. They did establish a settlement, and by about the year 1000 there were approximately 1,000 Scandinavian colonists there. Unfortunately, an epidemic in 1002 reduced their number considerably, and eventually, Eriks colony died out. However, other Norse settlements would survive until the 1400s, when communications mysteriously ceased for more than a century. Eriks son Leif would lead an expedition to America around the turn of the millennium.

Essay about Christmas in Trinidad and Tobago - 804 Words

Christmas in Trinidad and Tobago â€Å"When Santa Clause arrives in Trinidad and Tobago, it is to the rhythm of Parang. The climate is warm and the flowers are in bloom, which makes for a colorful season.† This quote from writer Bill Egan wonderfully describes Christmas on my twin island home of Trinidad and Tobago where the holiday is celebrated in a most unique way with many ingrained traditions. By mid-November, the stores of the capital city, Port-of-Spain, are flooded with early Christmas shoppers. The most popular places are textile and drapery stores. I remember coming from school one evening and seeing women, whose faces were beaded in sweat, hauling big white bags toward the bus terminal. For me, this was a sign that†¦show more content†¦These significant Spanish influences are deeply rooted in the history of the twin island republic. After Trinidad was discovered by Columbus in 1498, it was then colonized by the Spaniards in 1598 and remained under Spanish rule until it was captured by the British in 1797. Therefore, the Spanish presence in the country is still felt up to this day in names of our villages, in the food we eat and in the music that we enjoy. On the eve of Christmas, another common sight is the last minute house cleaning. For many Trinidadians, it has become a tradition to clean on Christmas Eve. Some say that doing this adds to the excitement of the following day. My neighbor is one such person; Miss Merlin thrives for the excitement of last minute cleaning. On Christmas Eve you can find her in the kitchen baking while she is simultaneously giving instructions to her children as to how the chairs should be arranged and which curtain should go up, â€Å"Thomas, put de [the] blue curtains up in de [the] living room, for meh [me] please.† I must admit the rush to get it all done before the sun comes up is truly exhilarating. Of course, Christmas will not be Christmas without ham, black cake, pastels, pigeon peas, ginger beer and punch de crà ¨me. Pastels are of Spanish origin and are made from corn meal, raisins, olives and minced beef. When finished, it looks similar to a beef patty, however, it is wrapped in the leaves of theShow MoreRelatedBirth And Evolution Of Trinidad Carnival1461 Words   |  6 Pagespublic celebration or parade that involved the use of masks, musical elements, costumes and more. Dating back to the 18th century, the Trinidad Carnival was introduced around the time of the arrival of the French Catholic planters from the French West Indies. The festival originated in the early 1780s when both white and colored people staged masquerade balls at Christmas time for entertainment. From there, it developed into playful taunting between the two groups and eventually the tradition evolvedRead MoreTrinidad Carnival1747 Words   |  7 PagesTrinidad Carnival Carnival is a festival of colours which is transformed into costumes, calypso, steel band music, dance and different foods and Caribbean art which attracts many people from the different countries. The carnival season is usually during the two weeks before the traditional Christian fasting of Lent. This is celebrated to mark an overturning of daily life.The roots of carnival both lay in Africa and France(Liverpool:57). 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(Miller) Trinbagonian’s are particularly fond of sugar and sweet products this is linked to the days of the sugar cane field. Coke came into Trinidad in 1939, while under the British Government. (Miller)Read MoreTrinidad Carnival1756 Words   |  8 PagesTrinidad Carnival Carnival is a festival of colours which is transformed into costumes, calypso, steel band music, dance and different foods and Caribbean art which attracts many people from the different countries. The carnival season is usually during the two weeks before the traditional Christian fasting of Lent. This is celebrated to mark an overturning of daily life.The roots of carnival both lay in Africa and France(Liverpool:57). Trinidad carnival is a very significant festival in theRead MoreMusic in the Caribbean3392 Words   |  14 PagesCaribbean music has clearly been reggae. This style emerged in the late 1960s in Jamaica as a reinterpretation of American R B music. Singers such as Bob Marley have helped push this style into the international arena. Calypso (with its origin in Trinidad and Tobago) continues to grow in popularity, and is the music generally associate with the various carnivals in the Caribbean. Ska is a dance music, that was originated out of Jamaica until it was evolve in the early 1960s to shake the butts of workingRead MoreHow Sm Jaleel Went Global12239 Words   |  49 PagesSM jaleel Company in trinidad diversification of its products FOR THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE INDUSTRY Ministry of Trade and Industry Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Developed by: The Food Beverage Industry Team Report Preparation: Arnold Babwah May, 2005 Preface The conceptual framework for this document is the result of a partnership approach between public sector agencies and the private sector. 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Steel pan music, which draws its roots from the islands of Trinidad and Tobago, draws together the experiences and emotions of all of these music categories, making it one of the most enjoyable forms of music for myself, as well as soca and calypso appreciators around the globe. For this ethnographic piece, the drivingRead MoreWhat Is Geography?1066 Words   |  4 Pagesjust fun and games many of the crew members who set sail with Mr. Columbus had going really sick and passed away from hunger and thirst as well as ammonia .also on November 21,1492 the pinto and crew left to explore on its own. Then on Christmas day the Santa Maria war wrecked it wasn’t as worthy to sail as Mr. Columbus thought it would be. Christopher’s second voyage took place on September 23, 1493. This voyage consists of 17 ships and 1,200 men. The purpose of this journey was to

Business and Consumer Protection in Islam Free Essays

Modern business is a very complex reality. Many factors influence and determine the business activity. Among other organizational factors managerial, scientific technological and socio-cultural-political, the business complexity of social activities, business with the complexities of modern society. We will write a custom essay sample on Business and Consumer Protection in Islam or any similar topic only for you Order Now For social events, business in many ways intertwined with the complexities of modern society. All the factors that make up the complexities of modern business has been frequently studied and analyzed through a scientific approach, especially in economics and management theory (K.  Bertens: 2000). In the myth of modern business business people are required to be professional people in his field. They have the skills and business skills beyond the average person, he should be able to show that performance is above average business performance amateur. What’s interesting is not only about the performance aspects of the business, managerial, and technical organizations alone but also about the ethical aspects. Performance becomes prasarat business success also involves a moral commitment, moral integrity, discipline, loyalty, unity of moral vision, service, attitude give priority to quality, respect for rights and interests of relevant parties concerned (stakeholders), which over time will develop into a business ethics in a company. Conduct an honest Prophet transparent and generous in doing business practice is the key to success in managing the business Khodijah ra, is a concrete example of the morals and ethics in business. (Http://uika-bogor. ac. d/doc/public/etika% 20bisnis% 20islam. pdf) If we trace the history, the religion of Islam seems a favorable view of trade and economic activity. Prophet Muhammad was a merchant, and the religion of Islam spread primarily through the Muslim traders. In the Qur’an there is a warning against the misuse of wealth, but not prohibited from seeking wealth by lawful means (QS: 2; 275) â€Å"Allah has made trade and prohibits usury. † Islam puts trading activity in a very strategic position in the center of human activity seek sustenance and livelihood. This can be seen in the words of the Prophet Muhammad: â€Å"Pay attention by all your trade, real commercial world it is nine out of ten the door of sustenance. † Dawam Rahardjo precisely suspect Weber thesis on ethics of Protestantism, which cites business activities as a human responsibility to God quoting from Islamic teachings. The following business activities that are prohibited in sharia: 1. Avoiding business transaction that is forbidden in Islam. A Muslim must be committed to interact with things that are made lawful by Allah SWT. A Muslim businessman should not be doing business in the things forbidden by sharia. And a Muslim businessman claimed to always do the good business and society. Business, food is not halal or kosher not contain ingredients, liquor, drugs, prostitution or all of which relate to the world of sparkling like night clubs discotic cafe where mixing of men and women accompanied by a stomping songs, treats and drinks and the food is not kosher Other (QS: Al-A’raf; 32. QS: Al Maidah; 100) is a business activity that is forbidden. 2. Avoiding how to obtain and use property is not kosher. The practice of usury is miserable to be avoided, Islam prohibits usury with severe threats (QS: Al-Baqara, 275-279), while speculative transactions are very closely related to the business that is not transparent such as gambling, fraud, violated the trust so it will most likely harm. Hoarding of money to turn off the function to be enjoyed by others and the narrow space of business and economic activity is a disgraceful act and being rewarded to the most severe (Sura: At-Tauba: 34-35). Redundant and a waste of money for purposes that are not useful and dissipate all the excesses. All properties are prohibited because it is a trait that is not wise in the use of property and contrary to the commandment of God (Surah: Al A’raf; 31). 3. Unfair competition is denounced by God as mentioned in the Quran surat Al-Baqarah: 188: â€Å"Do not you eat some of the treasure of you in a falsehood. † Monopoly also includes unfair competition Prophet denounced the act was: â€Å"Whoever is doing then he is guilty of monopoly†, â€Å"A wholesaler was given sustenance by God as for someone who did that accursed monopoly. Monopoly done to gain market control by preventing the other players to compete in various ways, often in ways that are not laudable goal is to memahalkan price for these entrepreneurs have a huge advantage. Prophet said: â€Å"Someone who intentionally do something to memahalkan price, Allah will promise to the throne made from the Fire later in the day of Judgement. † 4. Forgery and fraud, Islam strictly prohibits falsifying and deceptive because it can cause harm, injustice, and can lead to hostility and strife. Allah says in Surah: Al-Isra: 35: â€Å"And full measure when ye measure, and weigh with a right balance. † The Prophet said: â€Å"If you sell it you shall not deceive people with sweet words. † In the modern business at least we see in ways not commendable by some businessmen in its product offering, which is forbidden in Islam. In essence, the consumer contains a very broad sense, as expressed President of the United States, John F. Kennedy, â€Å"Consumers by definition include us all† (By definition, all of us including the consumer). (Shidarta, 2000: 2). Consumer Protection Act No. 8, 1999 Chapter I, article 1, number 2, the consumer defines as, â€Å"Every person users of goods or services that are available in the community, both for the interests of self, family, others, as well as other creatures and not for trading†. (Government of the Republic of Indonesia, 1999: 5) Consumers in the economic laws of Islam are not limited to those SAJ war, but also includes a legal entity (al-syakhshiyyat al-ma’nawawiyyah), such as endowments or foundations of certain companies and institutions. Islamic economic laws there is no difference between the end user with a medium user. Muslim jurists did not distinguish between goods kondumsi property, goods production, and intermediary goods, as contained in the general economics. This brings the influences on consumer definitions that must be protected in Islam because in Islam, including consumer goods all users, whether the goods were used directly, so exhausted, used as a tool for intermediaries to further prosuksi justice belongs to everyone, whether he is domiciled as individuals, groups or the public. Advances in technology and the development of economy and perdangangan volume demanding extra supervision of the risks that might arise from the use of certain products. Poor environmental conditions caused by business actors in general, should also get serious attention because every living being is a consumer of the environment. Muhammad, 2004: 180) In Islam there are five things that must be kept kemaslahatannya become key objective of sharia (al-necessities al-repertoire), the religion (al-din), reason (al-‘aql), descent (an-NASL), and property ( al-mal), while some Islamic jurists there is also adding to the al-‘ardh (honor), but according to honor the author is already covered in the custody of al nafs (soul). When associated with the risk caused by defective products or irresponsibility of a product, the main objectives of the fifth yag more focused on guarding the soul, mind and wealth. Muhammad, 2004: 181) However, if the risk of such usage caused by â€Å"negligence† of producers, then this should be linked also with the theory of liability contained in this kejahatab jinayah in Islamic Jurisprudence. In theory the responsibility of Islamic Jurisprudence crime, crimes and violations that occur on human rights can not be invalidated by reason of mistake, not intentional acts. Therefore, the perpetrators of these acts must bear the loss of property or life with fines that have been determined shari’ah. How to cite Business and Consumer Protection in Islam, Essay examples

Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Emission - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Energy Consumption And Greenhouse Emission. Answer: Introduction This section aims to present an overview of the chosen topic for research and purpose behind selection of the particular topic. Further, the objective for the research is also stated in this section along with preparing the research questions. This section further helps to present aim of the research so that the readers can easily understand the motive behind undertaking this particular research. This research project aims to enhance the quantitative information that is available on energy consumption by commercial buildings. This research will help to analyze the building stock along with energy that is consumed by fuel as well as end use. The data that will be considered for the research project is emission of greenhouse gases from the year 1999 to 2020. Background of the study In this modern world of technological innovations, there is an over increasing demand for energy so as to meet the requirements of people. The increasing demand of energy stimulates the growth of economy however the use of energy also results into emission of greenhouse gases. The existing studies in the past have focused on the relationship among environmental pollutants along with consumption of energy and growth of economy (Khan et al., 2014). Global warming is arising as a major concern for this modern world and there are various measures undertaken by different countries. Hence, this particular research has been chosen to determine if there is any relationship between energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases. This study will prove to be beneficial for reducing the emission of greenhouse gas particularly in context to the hotels in Australia. Aim of the research The aim of this study is to identify the possibilities of relationship between consumption of energy and emission of greenhouse gases in context to the hotels in Australia. This study will also help to determine usage of energy and the associated emissions of greenhouse gases by considering the quantitative information available with respect to the commercial buildings in Australia. Objectives of the research It is essential to identify and prepare some objectives in accordance to aim of the research so that the chosen topic can be further explored. The developing of objectives for the research helps to divide a broad topic into suitable forms to ensure success of the study. The objectives that have been determined for successful accomplishment of this particular research are listed as below: To identify if there is any relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in hotels of Australia. To determine the energy usage and the associated emission of greenhouse gases for hotels in Australia. To study the impact of energy usage on emission of greenhouse gases in context to hotels in Australia. Research Questions The research questions forms the base for understanding the topic of research in depth and in a detailed manner. The research questions emphasizes on selected area of analysis so as to gain relevant as well as appropriate information in accordance to the chosen topic for research. The questions that have been prepared for research on the particular chosen topic is listed as below: Do you think that there is relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in hotels of Australia? Do you think that emission of greenhouse gases is related to usage of energy in hotels of Australia? Do energy usage influence greenhouse gas emissions in hotels of Australia? Structure for the study The entire research project will be conducted by following an organized and detailed format as provided below: Chapter 1 Introduction: This section will focus on providing an overview of the chosen topic for research. Moreover, the aims and objectives of the research are also stated in this section that helps to analyze the research topic. Chapter 2 Literature Review: This section helps to achieve some knowledge on the theories and concepts that are important to conduct the research. In this section, the focus is on critically analyzing existing studies on the chosen topic. Chapter 3 Research Methodology: In this section, the stepwise methods for conducting the research will be discussed. This section as a chapter helps to guide the researcher and understand the process for conducting the study. Chapter 4 Findings and Analysis: This particular section is intended for analyzing the data that will be collected for the study. Further, the section will also demonstrate the results that have been achieved from the study. Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations: This is considered as the final section that draws a conclusion to the study. Further, this section also focuses on recommendations that can be followed for conducting this study in future. Summary This section has focused on providing an overview of the topic that has been chosen for this particular research. The purpose behind undertaking this particular study is also described along with preparing of objectives and research questions. Further, the structure that have to be followed for conducting the entire research project has also been illustrated in this section. Literature Review Introduction This particular section concentrates on developing academic knowledge so as to determine the relationship between the consumption of energy and emission of greenhouse gases. The researcher as well as the readers will be able to achieve better understanding on the research topic with the help of this knowledge. The discussions are carried in this section to study the research topic in a more detailed manner. Theoretical Background The emergence of increasing demand for energy for carrying out human activities have significantly contributed to the change in climate as a result of carbon dioxide emissions. The emission of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is increasing the global temperature level as well as greenhouse gases. According to Khoshnevisan et al. (2013), there is continuous growth in the levels of carbon dioxide to 390 ppm above pre-industrial levels. Hence, this study will help to understand the relation between energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases in context to hotels in Australia. Energy consumption in buildings According to Scofield (2013), it has been reported that around 35 to 40% of total energy is consumed by buildings of developed countries comprising of 50 to 65% electricity consumption. The energy demand is believe to be consistently rising in the buildings for improving the standard of living along with quality of life. The hotels are mostly using energy for maintaining their services being offered to the customers and quality standards. Further, the hotels also offer food and delicacies to their clients due to which there is high consumption of energy such as electricity as well as fuel gas. Chau, Leung and Ng (2015), has stated that 100% of the energy that is generated onsite in hotels using sources with low or even zero carbon can be used for reducing the consumption of energy annually. Emissions from energy consumption in buildings The emission of carbon dioxide due to consumption of energy in context to buildings can be categorized into two types that is direct emissions which means burning of fuel gas for heating or cooking purposes and emissions due to electricity usage for heating, cooling or providing power to the buildings (Alshehry Belloumi, 2015). The emission in hotels consist of both these categories thus increasing the percentage of greenhouse gas emissions. Electricity along with direct consumption of natural gas and petroleum is used for heating or cooking purpose in hotels which are the two most common sources of energy. Approximately 78% of total energy being consumed by buildings is from electricity that results into significant emission of greenhouse gases. As per Huang, Wang and Wang (2015), GHG outflows from power have expanded by around 18% since 1990, as the interest for power has developed and petroleum derivative has remained the prevailing hotspot for age. The measure of vitality expend ed has quadrupled since 1940, while the populace generally multiplied. A sharp increment in lodging units has likewise added to this pattern. There were 140 million lodging units in 2011, an expansion of over 250% since 1940. Summary The hotel industry is utilizing significant amount of energy and thus contributing towards emission of greenhouse gases. In the upcoming years, it is believed that the percentage will rise due to rapid changes in lifestyle as well as technologies. Hence, there is a need to mitigate this issue for reducing the impact on climate. Research Methodology Introduction This section as a chapter defines the approach that is most appropriate and have to be adopted for attaining the results of the research. Flick (2015), illustrates upon the various theories as well as concepts that can be adopted for acquiring in depth knowledge and better analysis of the topic that has been selected for the research. The application of proper research methodology will help to understand the suitable procedure for determining the relationship between energy consumption and emission of greenhouse gases. Further, Punch (2013), has pointed out that common errors may arise while adopting the detailed process for conducting the research which often creates limitations within the process for research. Research Approach The study on the particular topic for this research can be undertaken with the help of two ways that is it may be either deductive or inductive. The inductive approach helps to conduct the research even if there is no data available on the selected topic. The initiation phase of this approach is observation which helps to gather relevant information. However, according to Yilmaz (2013), deductive approach can be used for describing the practical application of theories for attaining the concept of chosen research topic. This approach will help to develop a theory more specialized and concepts for analysis of data. Hence, it is required that the approach should be selected based on the topic for research and nature of the study so that better analysis can be done on the selected topic. Data collection procedure For any research, data is an essential element for collecting information as well as facts that are helpful to study the topic for research. According to Brannen (2017), collection of data is important for deriving more accurate results in context to the study. For this particular research, secondary data is selected as suitable sources of data that can be gathered from online as well as offline sources such as journals, articles along with websites and existing studies that are available on the internet. The data that will be analysed for this particular research will be from the year 1999 to 2020 in context to hotels in Australia. The data to be used for this research is available in the Australian government website Department of the industry, innovation and science from page number 66 to 70. Research Method The methodology that will adopted for this study is quantitative as it will help to gather statistical data for conducting the particular research. This methodology will prove to be beneficial as it helps to achieve accurate results based on objectives prepared for the research. The quantitative approach is suitable for this particular research as it emphasizes on statistical, mathematical or even numerical analysis of data that is obtained from surveys, polls and questionnaires. In this approach, the researcher can also manipulate the data that is already existing with the help of computational techniques. Population and sampling The sample population intended for this research will be 200 records based on the chosen area of research. The simple random sampling approach will be considered for this study as every member will have equal chance to participate for collecting data. The chosen sampling approach for the research is suitable as it is provides every participant with an equal opportunity in participating in the research. The data will be chosen according to validity of those and completeness. The variables that have been identified for this particular research are Energy consumption rate and greenhouse gas emission. Ethical considerations The study for determining the relationship between energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in context to hotels of Australia will be conducted by taking into account the following ethical considerations as below: Involvement of respondents: The participants or members associated with this research will not be exerted with any external influence or pressure to take part in the research. Anonymity of respondents: The identity of the participants will not be disclosed and it will be kept confidential. References Alshehry, A. S., Belloumi, M. (2015). Energy consumption, carbon dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,41, 237-247. Brannen, J. (Ed.). (2017). Mixing methods: Qualitative and quantitative research. Routledge. Chau, C. K., Leung, T. M., Ng, W. Y. (2015). A review on life cycle assessment, life cycle energy assessment and life cycle carbon emissions assessment on buildings.Applied Energy,143, 395-413. Flick, U. (2015).Introducing research methodology: A beginner's guide to doing a research project. Sage. Girod, B., van Vuuren, D. P., Hertwich, E. G. (2014). Climate policy through changing consumption choices: Options and obstacles for reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Global Environmental Change,25, 5-15. Huang, K. T., Wang, J. C., Wang, Y. C. (2015). Analysis and benchmarking of greenhouse gas emissions of luxury hotels.International Journal of Hospitality Management,51, 56-66. Karimpour, M., Belusko, M., Xing, K., Bruno, F. (2014). Minimising the life cycle energy of buildings: Review and analysis.Building and Environment,73, 106-114. Khan, M. A., Khan, M. Z., Zaman, K., Naz, L. (2014). Global estimates of energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,29, 336-344. Khoshnevisan, B., Rafiee, S., Omid, M., Yousefi, M., Movahedi, M. (2013). Modeling of energy consumption and GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions in wheat production in Esfahan province of Iran using artificial neural networks.Energy,52, 333-338. Liddle, B. (2014). Impact of population, age structure, and urbanization on carbon emissions/energy consumption: evidence from macro-level, cross-country analyses.Population and Environment,35(3), 286-304. Mata, ., Kalagasidis, A. S., Johnsson, F. (2013). A modelling strategy for energy, carbon, and cost assessments of building stocks.Energy and Buildings,56, 100-108. Nabavi-Pelesaraei, A., Abdi, R., Rafiee, S., Mobtaker, H. G. (2014). Optimization of energy required and greenhouse gas emissions analysis for orange producers using data envelopment analysis approach.Journal of Cleaner Production,65, 311-317. Nejat, P., Jomehzadeh, F., Taheri, M. M., Gohari, M., Majid, M. Z. A. (2015). A global review of energy consumption, CO 2 emissions and policy in the residential sector (with an overview of the top ten CO 2 emitting countries).Renewable and sustainable energy reviews,43, 843-862. Punch, K. F. (2013). Introduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches. Sage. Scofield, J. H. (2013). Efficacy of LEED-certification in reducing energy consumption and greenhouse gas emission for large New York City office buildings.Energy and Buildings,67, 517-524. Tam, W. V., Le, K. N., Tran, C. N. N., Wang, J. Y. (2017). A review on contemporary computational programs for Building's life-cycle energy consumption and greenhouse-gas emissions assessment: An empirical study in Australia.Journal of Cleaner Production. Tsai, K. T., Lin, T. P., Hwang, R. L., Huang, Y. J. (2014). Carbon dioxide emissions generated by energy consumption of hotels and homestay facilities in Taiwan.Tourism Management,42, 13-21. Xu, S. C., He, Z. X., Long, R. Y. (2014). Factors that influence carbon emissions due to energy consumption in China: Decomposition analysis using LMDI.Applied Energy,127, 182-193. Yilmaz, K. (2013). Comparison of quantitative and qualitative research traditions: Epistemological, theoretical, and methodological differences. European Journal of Education, 48(2), 311-325.

Mass Extinctions On The Earth Essay Example For Students

Mass Extinctions On The Earth Essay Intro:Sixty-five million years ago, some phenomenon triggered mass extinctions on the lands and in the oceans so profound that they define the geological boundary between the older Mesozoic Era, often called the Age of Reptiles, and the modern Cenozoic Era, the Age of Mammals.On a finer scale, the extinctions define the boundary between the Cretaceous (geological symbol, K), and Tertiary (T) periods. This mass extinction is usually referred to as the K-T extinctions. The dinosaurs became extinct during the K-T mass extinction. To examine how the K-T extinctions fit into a broader perspective, please see the The cause of the K-T extinctions is one of the great mysteries in science, and many scientists have proposed theories to account for it. Theories span a vast spectrum of causes including: sea level change, supernova explosions, climate change, and on and on. Beginning in the 1980s, two new theories became the topic of an intense scientific debate. They are the K-T impact extinctio n theory originated by the Nobelist physicist, Luis Alvarez, and his team, and the K-T Deccan Traps extinction theory, which, for short, is called volcano-greenhouse theory. Details of the Impact TheoryIn the mid-late 1970s, Luis Alvarez and his impact team began searching for the cause of the K-T extinctions. His evidence of impact was enrichment of the chemical, iridium, in a thin layer of clay a few centimenters thick at the K-T boundary. His original theory held that a giant asteroid struck earth 65 million years ago, blasting so much dust into the atmosphere that it blocked out sunlight, and plunged earth into the blackness and cold of a sudden, short-duration, impact winter.According to Alvarez theory, the global blackout triggered extinctions among the plant kingdom, and then among herbivores that depended upon plants for food, and then among the carnivores that ate the herbivores. Those smaller animals that could hide and hibernate until the sun came out again must have sruvived and formed the animals that there are today. There is other evidence for this theory : there is a layer of iridium found on top of the fossils which can be found all over the world. this is important becouse there is a lot of iridium on asteroids while on earth it is only deep down inside the crater. Details of the Volcano Theory:Another less popular theory to explain the disappearance of the dinosaurs suggests that a drop in the oxygen levels in the lower atmosphere led to the gradual death of all kinds of species. Robert Barner and Gary Landis of the U.S. Geological survey determined that the air that the dinosaurs consumed contained 50% more oxygen than the air today. This can be the same for us as trying to breathe to the same air found at the sea level as compared to air at 3500 m. There was a lot of volcanoe eruptions at the same time (and since they took up soo much air it was hard for the dinosaurs to breathe , so they fianlly died. The evidence is that the fossils found in the ground contain traces of lager traces of Oxygen. How can humans stop this?Since mankind is much smarter than the reptiles it is obvious that we can stop these asteroids from colliding with the earth. The only question is how. Now we have nuclear devices which can be put on these asteroids so that they can explode just in time before its course is doomed towards earth.